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Food Safety

FOOD SAFETY >>  IRRADIATION >> 

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Selected Reading  

* Abu JO, Minaar A. Gamma irradiation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) seeds: effect on colour, cooking quality and pasting characteristics. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009 Dec;44(12):2335-41 [Abstract]

* Acheson DW. To irradiate or not to irradiate: what are the risk-benefit arguments in relation to food safety? Clin Infect Dis 2001 Aug 1;33(3):375 [Full text]

* Alvarez I, Niemira BA, Fan X, et al. Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Senftenberg in liquid whole egg using generally recognized as safe additives, ionizing radiation, and heat. J Food Prot 2007 Jun;70(6):1402-9 [Abstract]

* Alvarez I, Niemira BA, Fan X, et al. Inactivation of Salmonella serovars in liquid whole egg by heat following irradiation treatments. J Food Prot 2006 Sep;69(9):2066-74 [Abstract]

* Alvarez I, Niemira BA, Sommers CH. Modeling the irradiation followed by heat inactivation of Salmonella innoculated in liquid whole egg. J Food Sci 2007 Jun-Jul;72(5):M145-52 [Abstract]

* Andrews LS, Ahmedna M, Grodner RM, et al. Food preservation using ionizing radiation. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1998;154:1-53 [Abstract]

* Bari ML, Al-Haq MI, Kawasaki T, et al. Irradiation to kill Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on ready-to-eat radish and mung bean sprouts. J Food Prot 2004 Oct;67(10):2263-8 [Abstract]

* Bari ML, Nakauma M, Todoriki S, et al. Effectiveness of irradiation treatments in inactivating Listeria monocytogenes on fresh vegetables at refrigeration temperature. J Food Prot 2005 Feb;68(2):318-23 [Abstract]

* Bari ML, Nei D, Enomoto K, et al. Combination treatments for killing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa, radish, broccoli, and mung bean seeds. J Food Prot 2009 Mar;72(3):631-6 [Abstract]

* Bari ML, Todoriki S, Sommers C, et al. Irradiation inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in low-fat ground pork at freezing and refrigeration temperatures. J Food Prot 2006 Dec;69(12):2955-60 [Abstract]

* Beaulieu JC. Effect of UV irradiation on cut cantaloupe: terpenoids and esters. J Food Sci 2007 May;72(4):S272-81 [Abstract]

* Blix H. What views and uses of radiation sources in the 21st century? Health Phys 2001 Apr;80(4):333-7 [Abstract]

* Bruhn C. Consumer concerns: motivating to action. Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Oct-Dec;3(4) [Full text]

* Bruhn CM. Consumer perceptions and concerns about food contaminants. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;459:1-7 [Abstract]

* Bruhn CM. Strategies for communicating the facts on food irradiation to consumers. Dairy Food Environ Sanitation 1995;15(9):554-7

* Carlsson DJ, Krzymien ME, Deschenes L, et al. Phosphite additives and their transformation products in polyethylene packaging for gamma-irradiation. Food Addit Contam 2001 Jun;18(6):581-91 [Abstract]

* Collins MD, Hutson RA, Grant IR, et al. Phylogenetic characterization of a novel radiation-resistant bacterium from irradiated pork: desription of Hymenobacter actinosclerus sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000 Mar;50 Pt 2:731-4 [Abstract]

* Dubey JP, Thayer DW, Speer CA, et al. Effect of gamma irradiation on unsporulated and sporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Int J Parasitol 1998;28(3):369-75 [Abstract]

* Erickson MC. Food as a vehicle for transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2007 Oct;70(10):2426-49 [Abstract]

* European Commission. Revision of the opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the irradiation of food. Apr 24, 2003 [Full text]

* Fan X, Sokorai KJB. Effects of ionizing radiation on sensorial, chemical, and microbiological qualtity of frozen corn and peas. J Food Prot 2007 Aug;70(8):1901-8 [Abstract]

* FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Codex Alimentarious Commission adopts more than 50 new food standards. Jul 9, 2003 [Full text]

* Farkas J, Mohacsi-Farkas C. History and future of food irradiation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2010 (published online Apr 5) [Abstract]

* Farkas J. Irradiation as a method for decontaminating food: a review. Int J Food Microbiol 1998 Nov 10;44(3):189-204 [Abstract with links]

* FDA. Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food. Final rule. Fed Reg 2004 Dec 23;69(246):76844-7 [Full text]

* FDA. Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food. (Proposed rule) Fed Regist 2007 Apr 4;72(64):16291-306 [Full text]

* Foley D, Euper M, Caporaso F, et al. Irradiation and chlorination effectively reduces Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on cilantro without negatively affecting quality. J Food Prot 2004 Oct;67(10):2092-8 [Abstract]

* Food irradiation: let's do it. CMAJ 2000 Jan 11;162(1):5, 7 [Full text]

* Food safety group pushes for irradiation of precooked meats, more consumer education. Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 Jun 15;214(12):1758, 1762

* Foong SC, Gonzalez GL, Dickson JS. Reduction and survival of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meats after irradiation. J Food Protect 2004 Jan;67(1):77-82 [Abstract]

* Frenzen PD, DeBess EE, Hechemy KE, et al. Consumer acceptance of irradiated meat and poultry in the United States. J Food Prot 2001 Dec;64(12):2020-6 [Abstract]

* Frenzen PD, Majchrowicz A, Buzby JC, et al, for the FoodNet Working Group. Consumer confidence in irradiated meat and poultry products. In: Food Safety Economics, Aug 2000 (USDA Information Bulletin (AIB)-757) [Full text]

* GAO (General Accounting Office). Food irradiation. Available research indicates that benefits outweigh risks. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office, 2000. Publication GAO/RCED-00-217 [Full text]

* GAO (General Accounting Office). School meal programs: Few instances of foodborne outbreaks reported, but opportunities exist to enhance outbreak data and food safety practices. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-03-530. May 2003 [Full text]

* GAO (US Government Accountability Office). Food irradiation: FDA could improve its documentation and communication of key decisions on food irradiation petitions. GAO-10-309R. Released Mar 18, 2010 (but dated Feb 16) [Links to full text]

* Gezgin Z, Gunes G. Influence of gamma irradiation on growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and quality of cig kofte, a traditional raw meat product. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007 Sep;42(9):1067-72 [Abstract]

* Giamalva JN, Redfern M, Bailey WC. Dietitians employed by health care facilities preferred a HACCP system over irradiation or chemical rinses for reducing risk of foodborne disease. J Am Diet Assoc 1998 Aug;98(8):885-8 [Abstract]

* Giroux M, Ouattara B, Yefsah R, et al. Combined effect of ascorbic acid and gamma irradiation on microbial and sensorial characteristics of beef patties during refrigerated storage. J Agric Food Chem 2001 Feb;49(2):919-25 [Abstract]

* Gordon LJ. From nuclear bombs to food safety: a personal odyssey. J Public Health Policy 1999;20(4):389-93 [Full text]

* Han J, Castell-Perez, Moreira RG. Effect of food characteristics, storage conditions, and electron beam irradiation on active agent release from polyamide-coated LDPE films. J Food Sci 2008 Mar;73(2):E37-43 [Abstract]

* Helfinstine SL, Vargas-Aburto C, Uribe RM, et al. Inactivation of Bacillus endospores in envelopes by electron beam irradiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005 Nov;71(11):7029-32 [Abstract]

* Hoefer D, Malone S, Frenzen P, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the use of irradiated meat among respondents to the FoodNet population survey in Connecticut and New York. J Food Prot 2006 Oct;69(10):2441-6 [Abstract]

* Hoz L, Cambero MI, Cabeza MC, et al. Elimination of Listeria monocytogenes from vacuum-packed dry-cured ham by E-beam radiation. J Food Prot 2008 Oct;71(10):2001-6 [Abstract]

* Ic E, Kottapalli B, Maxim J, et al. Electron beam radiation of dried fruits and nuts to reduce yeast and mold bioburden. J Food Prot 2007 Apr;70(4):981-5 [Abstract]

* IFIC (International Food Information Council Foundation). Food irradiation: a global food safety tool. Developed in collaboration with the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI). May 2002 [Full text]

* IFIC (International Food Information Council Foundation). Food safety and new technologies. Mar 2002 [Full text]

* Institute of Food Science & Technology. The use of irradiation for food quality and safety. Feb 2006 [Full text]

* Jin T, Liu L, Sommers CH, et al. Radiation sensitization and postirradiation proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat deli meat in the presence of pectin-nisin films. J Food Prot 2009 Mar;72(3):644-9 [Abstract]

* Jin Y, Hin H, Song KB. Electron beam irradiation improves shelf lives of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and red ginseng. J Food Sci 2007 May;72(4):C217-22 [Abstract]

* Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Study Group. High-dose irradiation: wholesomeness of food irradiated with doses above 10 kGy. Technical Report Series #890. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1999 [Full text]

* Kaferstein FK. Food irradiation dialogue. Int J Infect Dis 2000;4(3):178

* Kamat A, Thomas P. Radiation inactivation of some food-borne pathogens in fish as influenced by fat levels. J Appl Microbiol 1998 Apr;84(4):478-84 [Abstract]

* Kava R. Food irradiation and vitamin loss. Int J Infect Dis 2000;4(4):232-5

* Keener KM. To zap or not to zap? Publication from North Carolina State University Department of Food Science and Food Irradiation [Full text]

* Khalil SA, Hussain S, Khan M, et al. Effects of gamma irradiation on quality of Pakistani blood red oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Int J Food Sci Technol 2009 May;44(5):927-31 [Abstract]

* Khattak AB, Bibi N, Chaudry MA, et al. Shelf life extension of minimally processed cabbage and cucumber through gamma irradiation. J Food Prot 2005 Jan;68(10):105-10 [Abstract]

* Kim E, Jeon SM, Choi MS. Effects of gamma-irradiated fats on plasma lipid concentrations and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in rats. Ann Nutr Metab 2001;45(4):152-8 [Abstract]

* Kim HJ, Feng H, Kushad MM, et al. Effects of ultrasound, irradiation, and acidic electrolyzed water on germination of alfalfa and broccoli seeds and Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Sci 2006 Aug;71(6):M168-73 [Abstract]

* Kim HJ, Feng H, Toshkov SA, et al. Effect of sequential treatment of warm water dip and low-dose gamma irradiation on the quality of fresh-cut green onions. J Food Sci 2005 Apr;70(3):M179-85 [Abstract]

* Komolprasert B, McNeal TP, Agrawal A, et al. Volatile and non-volatile compounds in irradiated semi-rigid crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymers. Food Addit Contam 2001 Jan;18(1):89-101 [Abstract]

* Labels for irradiated food. Health Care Food Nutr Focus 1999 Oct;16(2):7

* Lewis SJ, Velasquez A, Cuppett SL, et al. Effect of electron beam irradiation on poultry meat safety and quality. Poultry Science 2002 Jun;81(6):896-903 [Abstract]

* Loaharanu P. Irradiated foods. Ed 5. New York, NY: American Council on Science and Health, 2003 [Full text]

* Loaharanu P. Irradiation as a cold pasteurization process of fish and seafood. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997;28(Suppl 1):162-7

* Louria DB. Food irradiation: unresolved issues. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Aug 1;33(3):378-80 [Abstract]

* Lucht L, Blank G, Borsa J. Recovery of foodborne microorganisms from potentially lethal radiation damage. J Food Prot 1998 May;61(5):586-90 [Abstract]

* Lutter R. Food irradiation: the neglected solution to food-borne illness. Science 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2275-6

* Matak KE, Churey JJ, Worobo RW, et al. Efficacy of UV light for the reduction of Listeria monocytogenes in goat's milk. J Food Protect 2005 Oct;68(10):2212-16 [Full text]

* McCleery DR, Rowe MT. Development of a model meat system and investigation of the growth characteristics and genetic stability of Escherichia coli O157:H7, in the absence of meat microflora. J Microbiol Methods 2002 Apr;49(2):135-45 [Abstract]

* Meat irradiation gets green light, approval process streamlined. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000 Feb 15:216(4):472

* Mishra BB, Gautam S, Sharma A. Microbial decontamination of tea (Camellia sinensis) by gamma radiation. J Food Sci 2006 Aug;71(6):M151-6 [Abstract]

* Moini S, Tahergorabi R, Hosseini SV, et al. Effect of gamma radiation on the quality and shelf life of refrigerated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets. J Food Prot 2009 Jul;72(7):1419-26 [Abstract]

* Monk JD, Beuchat LR, Doyle MP. Irradiation inactivation of food-borne microorganisms. J Food Protect 1995;58(2):197-208

* Moses S, Brunham RC. Irradiation pasteurization of solid foods. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 1998 Apr-Jun;4(2) [Full text]

* Nassar TJ, al-Mashhadi AS, Fawal AK, et al. Decontamination of chicken carcasses artificially contaminated with Salmonella. Rev Sci Tech 1997 Dec;16(3):891-7 [Abstract]

* Neal JA, Cabrera-Diaz E, Marques-Gonzaalez M, et al. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on baby spinach, using electron beam radiation. J Food Prot 2008 Dec;71(12):2415-20 [Abstract]

* Niemira BA. Irradiation compared with chlorination for elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 internalized in lettuce leaves: influence of lettuce variety. J Food Sci 2008 Jun-Jul;73(5):M208-13 [Abstract]

* Niemira BA. Irradiation sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates is influenced by culture conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 May;73(10):3239-44 [Abstract]

* Niemira BA. Relative efficacy of sodium hypochlorite wash versus irradiation to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 internalized in leaves of romaine lettuce and baby spinach. J Food Prot 2007 Nov;70(11):2526-32 [Abstract]

* Nightingale SL. Irradiation of meat approved for pathogen control. JAMA 1998;279(1):9 [Full text]

* Nthenge AK, Weese JS, Carter M, et al. Efficacy of gamma radiation and aqueous chlorine on E coli O157:H7 in hydroponically grown lettuce plants. J Food Prot 2007 Mar;70(3):748-52 [Abstract]

* Osaili TM, Shaker RR, Abu Al-Hasan AS, et al. Inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula by gamma irradiation: determination of D10-value. J Food Sci 2007 Apr;72(3):M85-8 [Abstract]

* Osterholm MT, Norgan AP. The role of irradiation in food safety. N Engl J Med 2004 Apr 29;350(18):1898-1901 (See also Thayer below) [Full text]

* Osterholm MT, Potter ME. Irradiation pasteurization of solid foods: taking food safety to the next level. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3(4):575-7 [Full text]

* Oteiza JM, Peltzer M, Gannuzzi L, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of UV radiation on Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (EDL 933) in fruit juices of different absorptives. J Food Prot 2005 Jan;68(10):49-59 [Abstract]

* Oteiza JM, Peltzer M, Gannuzzi L, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of UV radiation on Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EDL 933) in fruit juices of different absorptivities. J Food Prot 2005 Jan;68(1):49-58 [Abstract]

* Ouattara B, Sabato SF, Lacroix M. Combined effect of antimicrobial coating and gamma irradiation on shelf life extension of pre-cooked shrimp (Penaeus spp.). Int J Food Micriobiol 2001 Aug 15;68(1-2):1-9 [Abstract]

* Palekar MP, Cabrera-Diaz E, Kalbasi-Ashtari A, et al. Effect of electron beam irradiation on the bacterial load and sensorial quality of sliced cantaloupe. J Food Sci 2004 Dec;69(9):M267-73 [Abstract]

* Parnes RB, Lichtenstein AH. Food irradiation: a safe and useful technology. Nutr Clin Care 2004 Oct-Dec;7(4):149-55 [Abstract]

* Porto-Fett ACS, Juneja VK, Tamplin ML, et al. Validation of cooking times and temperatures for thermal inactivation of Yersinia pestis strains KIM5 and CDC-A1122 in irradiated ground beef. J Food Prot 2009 Mar;72(3):564-71 [Abstract]

* Quintero-Ramos A, Churey JJ, Hartman P, et al. Modeling of Escherichia coli inactivation by UV irradiation at different pH values in apple cider. J Food Protect 2004 Jun;67(6):1153-6 [Abstract]

* Rababah T, Hettiarachchy N, Horax R. Effect of electron beam irradiation and storage at 5 degrees C on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl contents in chicken breast meat infused with antioxidants and selected plant extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2004 Dec 29;52(26):8236-41 [Abstract]

* Rababah T, Hettiarachchy NS, Eswaranandam S, et al. Sensory evaluation of irradiated and nonirradiated poultry breast meat infused with plant extracts. J Food Sci 2005 Apr;70(3):S228-35 [Abstract]

* Rajkowsi KT. Radiation D10-values on thawed and frozen catfish and tilapia for finfish isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot 2008 Nov;71(11):2278-82 [Abstract]

* Rajkowski KT, Niebuhr SE, Dickson J. Effect of gamma or beta radiation on Salmonella DT 104 in ground pork. J Food Prot 2006 Jun;69(6):1430-3 [Abstract]

* Rajkowski KT, Thayer DW. Reduction of Salmonella spp. and strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by gamma radiation of inoculated sprouts. J Food Prot 2000 Jul;63(7):871-5 [Abstract]

* Read JO. 'Selling' irradiated food: will consumers warm to the idea of cold pasteurization? Minn Med 1999 Nov;82(11):14-8

* Sadler G, Chappas W, Pierce DE. Evaluation of e-beam, gamma- and X-ray treatment on the chemistry and safety of polymers used with pre-packaged irradiated foods: a review. Food Addit Contam 2001 Jun;18(6):475-501 [Abstract]

* Saroj SD, Hajare S, Shashidahar R, et al. Radiation processing for elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium from innoculated seeds used for sprout making in India and effect of irradiation on germination of seeds. J Food Prot 2007 Aug;70(8):1961-5 [Abstract]

* Saroj SD, Shashidhar R, Pandey M, et al. Effectiveness of radiation processing in elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from sprouts. J Food Prot 2006 Aug;69(8):1858-64 [Abstract]

* Shashidhar R, Dhokane VS, Hajare SN, et al. Effectiveness of radiation processing for elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium from minimally processed pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr). J Food Sci 2007 Apr;72(3):M98-101 [Abstract]

* Shea KM. Technical report: irradiation of food. Committee on Environmental Health. Pediatrics 2000;106(6):1505-10 [Full text]

* Sinanoglou VJ, Batrinou A, Konteles S, et al. Microbial population, physicochemical quality, and allergenicity of molluscs and shrimp treated with cobalt-60 gamma radiation. J Food Prot 2007 Apr;70(4):958-66 [Abstract]

* Smith JS, Pillai S. Irradiation and food safety. Scientific Status Summary from Institute of Food Technologists. Food Technology 2004 Nov;58(11):48-55

* Sommers CH, Boyd G Elimination of Listeria monocytogenes from ready-to-eat turkey and cheese tortilla wraps using ionizing radiation. J Food Prot. 2005 Jan;68(1):164-7 [Abstract]

* Sommers CH, Cooke PH. Inactivation of avirulent Yersinia pestis in Butterfield's phosphate buffer and frankfurters by UVC (254 nm) and gamma irradiation. J Food Prot 2009 Apr;72(4):755-9 [Abstract]

* Sommers CH. Elimination of Listeria monocytogenes from ready-to-eat turkey and cheese tortilla wraps using ionizing radiation. J Food Prot 2005 Jan;68(10:164-7 [Abstract]

* Steele JH, Engel RE. Radiation processing of food. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;201(10):1522-9

* Steele JH. Food irradiation: a public health challenge for the 21st century. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Aug 1;33(3):376-7 [Abstract]

* Steele JH. Food irradiation: a public health measure long overdue! 21st Century Science & Technology 1999;Fall:1-6

* Steele JH. Food irradiation: a public health opportunity. Int J Infect Dis 2000;4(2):62-6 [Abstract]

* Stewart EM, McRoberts WC, Hamilton JT, et al. Isolation of lipid and 2-alkylcyclobutanones from irradiated foods by supercritical fluid extraction. J AOAC Int 2001 May-Jun;84(3):976-86 [Abstract]

* Tauxe RV. Food safety and irradiation: protecting the public from foodborne infections. Emerging Infectious Disease 2001;7(3):516-21 [Full text]

* Ten Eyck TA, Deseran FA. In the words of experts: the interpretive process of the food irradiation debate. Int J Food Sci Tech 2001 Dec;36:821-31 [Abstract]

* Thayer DW, Boyd G, Fett WF. Synergy between irradiation and chlorination in killing of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Sci 2006 Aug;71(6):R83-7 [Abstract]

* Thayer DW, Boyd G. Irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging for the control of Listeria monocytogenes on turkey meat. J Food Prot 1999 Oct;62(10):1136-42 [Abstract]

* Thayer DW. Are there valid concerns about food irradiation? (Letter) Int J Infect Dis 2000;4(4):232-5

* Thayer DW. Irradiation of food: helping to ensure food safety. N Engl J Med 2004 Apr 29;350(18):1811-2 (See also Osterholm above) [Full text]

* Thompson BM, Ribera KP, Wingenbach GJ, et al. The relationship between attitudes, knowledge, and demographic variables of high school teachers regarding food irradiation. J Food Sci Ed 2007 Apr;6(2):24-9 [Abstract]

* Tritsch GL. Food irradiation. Nutrition 2000 Jul-Aug;16(7-8):698-701

* Turgis M, Borsa J, Millette M, et al. Effect of selected plant essential oils or their constituents and modified atmosphere packaging on the radiosensitivity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhi in ground beef. J Food Prot 2008 Mar;71(3):516-21 [Abstract]

* Turgis M, Han J, Borsa J, et al. Combined effect of natural essential oils, modified atmosphere packaging, and gamma irradiation on the microbial growth on ground beef. J Food Prot 2008 Jun;71(6):1237-43 [Abstract]

* University of Hawaii at Manoa, CTAHR. Food irradiation: technology that can enhance food safety and Hawaii's economy. Foods and Nutrition. Nov 1998 [Full text]

* US Department of Health and Human Services. Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food: Final Rule [Meat]. Fed Reg 1997;62(232): 64107-64121 [Full text]

* US Department of Health and Human Services. Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food: Final Rule [Poultry]. Fed Reg 1997;62(232): 64101-64107 [Full text]

* Van Calenberg S, Philips B, Mondelaers W, et al. Effect of irradiation, packaging, and postirradiation cooking on the thiamin content of chicken meat. J Food Prot 1999 Nov;62(11):1303-7 [Abstract]

* Vestal TA. Electron beam: 21st century food technology. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University, Nov 2002 (published online Mar 7, 2003) [Description with link to full text]

* WHO decides: food irradiation safe at any level. Public Health Rep 1998 Jan-Feb;113(1):6

* WHO. Position paper on the significance of compounds considered to be unique markers for irradiated food. Mar 2003 [Full text]

* Wie SH, Strohbehn CH, Hsu CH. Iowa dietitians' attitudes toward and knowledge of genetically engineered and irradiated food. J Am Diet Assoc 1998 Nov;98(11):1331-3

* Wilkinson VM, Gould GW. Food irradiation: a reference guide. Oxford, UK: Reed Educational and PRofessional Publishing Ltd, 1996

* Wood OB, Bruhn CM. Position of the American Dietetic Association: food irradiation. J Am Diet Assoc 2000 Feb;100(2):246-53 [Abstract]

* Yaun BR, Sumner SS, Eifert JD, et al. Inhibition of pathogens on fresh produce by ultraviolet energy. Int J Food Microbiol 2004 Jan 1;90(1):1-8 [Abstract]